Potential of Critical Mineral and Cytotoxicity Activity of Gadolinium Complex as Anti-amoebic Agent by Viability Studies and Flow Cytometry Techniques

Authors

Eny Kusrini, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia; Research Group of Green Product and Fine Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Product Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok, 16424, Indonesia; Tropical Renewable Energy Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok, 16424, IndonesiaFollow
Fatimah Hashim, School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, MalaysiaFollow
Azrina Aziz, School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
Muhamad Fairus Noor Hassim, School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
Anwar Usman, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
Lee D. Wilson, Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan 110 Science Place, Room 156 Thorvaldson Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
El-Sayed Negim, School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University (KBTU), 106, Ualikhanov str., Almaty, 050010, Kazakhstan
Agus Budi Prasetyo, Research Center for Metallurgy, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST, BJ. Habibie, Puspitek Area, Setu, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia

Abstract

The screening of lanthanide as a critical mineral and used as an anti-amoebic agent is important to identify the safest method and mode of cell death to eliminate this microorganism from the host. In this study, gadolinium ion (Gd³⁺) that complexed with a short acyclic triethylene glycol (EO3) and in the presence of picric acid (HPic) as counter anion for anti-amoebic activity was explored. The trivalent Gd³⁺ complexed with EO3 and HPic via one-pot synthesis reaction using a mole ratio of gadolinium nitrate salt, EO3 ligand and HPic in a mole ratio 1:3:4 to produce [Gd(Pic)₂(H₂O)(EO3)]⁺(Pic)^-.CH₃OH. The viability of cells was assessed by using an MTT assay after 24 hours exposed to the Gd complex. The cytotoxicity of the Gd complex has an IC₅₀ value of 23.44 µg/mL. The treated cells display orange organelles in the green cytoplasm after 24 h of incubation time and indicated that the cells experienced autophagic cell death. The externalisation of phosphatidylserine was not observed by flow cytometry techniques using Annexin V-FITC. Overall, the Gd complex is potent as anti-amoebic agent and is possible to use for the treatment of Acanthamoeba infection in future.

Recommended Citation

Kusrini, Eny; Hashim, Fatimah; Aziz, Azrina; Hassim, Muhamad Fairus Noor; Usman, Anwar; Wilson, Lee D.; Negim, El-Sayed; and Prasetyo, Agus Budi (2024), Potential of Critical Mineral and Cytotoxicity Activity of Gadolinium Complex as Anti-amoebic Agent by Viability Studies and Flow Cytometry Techniques, AUIQ Complementary Biological System: Vol. 1: Iss. 2, 1-10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.70176/3007-973X.1010
Available at: https://acbs.alayen.edu.iq/journal/vol1/iss2/1

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.70176/3007-973X.1010