Biosorption of Crystal Violet onto Fenugreek Seed Powder: Comprehensive Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology and Elucidation of Dye Uptake Mechanism

Authors

Hasan M. Agha, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaFollow
Zaher Mundher Yaseen, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Wafaa Raji Alfatlawi, Applied Chemistry Department, College of Applied Science, University of Technology, Iraq
Khansaa Al-Essa, Department of Chemistry, Jerash University, Jerash 26150, Jordan
Abdallah Reghioua, Fac. Technology, University of El Oued, 39000 El Oued, Algeria AND Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, University of El Oued, 39000 El Oued, Algeria
Hussein A. Kazem, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, PO Box 44, PCI 311, Sohar, Oman
Lee D. Wilson, Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK. S7N 5C9, Canada

Corresponding Author

Hasan M. Agha

Authors ORCID

Hasan M. Agha: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-2072

Abstract

This work investigates the efficacy of fenugreek seed powder (FSP), an agricultural product, as an economical and sustainable biosorbent for the extraction of crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous environments. The biosorbent was analyzed using XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX, validating its amorphous structure, surface functional groups, and porous shape. Batch biosorption tests were adjusted utilizing a Box–Behnken design (BBD), incorporating three independent variables: FSP dose (0.02–0.1 g/100 mL), pH (4–10), and time (5–60 min). The model exhibited exceptional prediction accuracy (R² = 0.99, CV = 2.12%) and recognized all three variables as statistically significant (p < 0.05). The maximum CV removal attained was 91.8% efficiency at an FSP dose of 0.1 g/100 mL, pH 7, and a time of 60 minutes. FTIR examination indicated changes in the –OH, C=O, and C–O functional groups, signifying their participation in dye interaction, whilst SEM pictures validated dye deposition on the biosorbent surface. The biosorption process was ascribed to electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and pore filling. These findings underscore FSP as a viable, economical biosorbent for the removal of cationic dyes in wastewater treatment applications.

Recommended Citation

Agha, Hasan M.; Yaseen, Zaher Mundher; Alfatlawi, Wafaa Raji; Al-Essa, Khansaa; Reghioua, Abdallah; Kazem, Hussein A.; and Wilson, Lee D. (2025), Biosorption of Crystal Violet onto Fenugreek Seed Powder: Comprehensive Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology and Elucidation of Dye Uptake Mechanism, AUIQ Complementary Biological System: Vol. 2: Iss. 2, 90-102.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.70176/3007-973X.1035
Available at: https://acbs.alayen.edu.iq/journal/vol2/iss2/7

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.70176/3007-973X.1035